List of Portuguese monarchs

King of Portugal and the Algarves
Former Monarchy
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Portugal
King Manuel II the last King of Portugal and the Algarves
First monarch	Afonso Henriques
Last monarch	Manuel II
Style	See below
Official residence	Palace of Belém, Lisbon, Portugal
Monarchy started	July 26, 1139
Monarchy ended	October 4, 1910
Current pretender	Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza

Afonso Henriques, the first King of Portugal
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Timeline of Portuguese history

This is a list of Portuguese monarchs dating from the independence of Portugal from the kingdom of León under Afonso Henriques, who proclaimed himself King in 1139, until the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic on 5 October 1910, during the reign of Manuel II, "the Patriot," or "the Missed King." Afonso I was recognized as king, in 1143, by Alfonso VII of León and Castile and, in 1179, by the Pope Alexander III.

It includes the Portuguese rulers from the

• Portuguese House of Burgundy, or Afonsine Dynasty (1143–1383/1385)
• House of Aviz, or Joannine Dynasty (1385–ca. 1580)
• Portuguese House of Habsburg, or Philippine Dynasty (1580–1640)
• House of Braganza, (1640–1834) and
• House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, or Braganza-Coburg (1834–1910)

First Portuguese county

A distinct Portuguese political entity dates from 868 when Alfonso III of León gave Vímara Peres the lands between the Minho and Douro rivers in the south of Galicia that had recently been reconquered from the Moors. Vímara controlled a county named after the city of Portucale (today's Porto) and based in Guimarães.

The First County of Portugal lasted for two centuries as a vassal state of the Kingdoms of León and Galicia, until 1071, when García II of Galicia and Portugal was victorious at the Battle of Pedroso over rebel count Nuno II Mendes, and no new count was appointed by the victor.

Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal

In 1065, Portugal and Galicia formed part of the territory allotted by Ferdinand I to his youngest son García, who became the first monarch to use the style "King of Galicia and Portugal". However, he struggled to control his fractious nobles. It was his 1071 victory at the Battle of Pedroso over count Nuno II Mendes that led to the end of the First County of Portugal.

Later in 1071, his brothers Alfonso VI and Sancho II took the Galician kingdom, including Portugal, from García and expelled him. The following spring, Sancho in turn expelled Alfonso, thereby reuniting the larger Castile-León state (including Portugal) that had been held by their father Ferdinand. Sancho appeared as king in a 1072 Portuguese document. With Sancho's assassination later the same year, Alfonso VI succeeded to the crowns, enticed García to return and imprisoned him, solidifying the position of Portugal as a constituent part of the larger unified kingdom.

Second County of Portugal

A Second County of Portugal was established when Alfonso VI extended the domains of his son-in-law, Raymond of Galicia, south into Portugal in 1093. Raymond and his cousin (and brother-in-law) Henry of Burgundy, facing the possibility of a new heir to the throne, joined in 1095 to sign a succession agreement, with Henry agreeing to support Raymond in exchange for Toledo. Alfonso responded by trying to divide the two politically, and in 1096, he divided the domains of Raymond, leaving him with Galicia while granting the County of Portugal to Henry. A great grandson of Robert II of France in the male line, he was nephew to Constance of Burgundy, wife of Alfonso VI, and had married Alfonso's illegitimate daughter Theresa, who thus became Countess of Portugal. Henry, pressed to secure peace, as well as to parley his wife's position into a favourable succession. With Alfonso's death, Urraca of León and Castile struggled to maintain her reign, and out of this Henry, and then Theresa after his death, achieved near-independence. However, Theresa's 1120 capture led to the recognition of Leonese overlord-ship. Theresa herself faced rebellion from her son, Afonso, and was forced to resign in his favour in 1128.

Name		Started	Ended	Alternative names	Title
Raymond		1093	1096	Ramon (Castilian) Raimundo (Portuguese)	Count of Portugal
Henry		1096	1112	Henri (French) Henrique (Portuguese)	Count of Portugal
Theresa		1112	1128	Teresa or Tareja (Old Portuguese)	Countess of Portugal Regent of the County but the de facto ruler and self-styled Queen of Portugal
Afonso		1128	1139	Alphonzo (English), Alphonse (English), Afonso Henriques (Portuguese alternative), Affonso (Old Portuguese), Alfonso (Old Portuguese) or Alphonso (Old Portuguese)	Count of Portugal (until 1128/1129) and the Duke of Portugal (Dux Portucalensis)

House of Burgundy, or Afonsine Dynasty, 1143–1383

When to date the beginning of the House of Burgundy is subject to debate. Some date it as early as the appointment of Henry of Burgundy as Count of Portugal, yet he never used any title but Count of Portugal. His widow Theresa briefly called herself, Queen Theresa of Portugal, daughter of the great Emperor Alfonso of León, but she had been forced to recognize her lands as a fief of León. In 1139, Afonso proclaimed himself King, and in 1143, his cousin and nominal overlord Alfonso VII of León granted formal recognition to this claim, maintaining vassalage only over the Leonese exclave town of Astorga. Papal recognition was not granted until 1179, when Alexander III's papal bull Manifestis Probatum placed Astorga under papal vassalage.

In 1128, with the Battle of São Mamede and the end of the civil war, by the deposition of Queen Theresa, power was taken by Infante Dom Afonso Henriques as the sole ruler, officially styling himself Prince of Portugal, grandson of Emperor Alfonso VI of León. He proclaimed himself King of Portugal in 1139. This is commonly accepted as the date of the foundation of the first Portuguese royal house. With Afonso's victory in the Battle of Ourique he was acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers and the Portuguese people. In the same year, according to the legend, he summoned the cortes (estates-general) at Lamego, where he was crowned by the archbishop of Braga.

The year of 1143 is also a significant date in the foundation of the House of Burgundy as the Portuguese royal house. In that year Afonso I declared himself the direct liegeman of the Papacy and swore himself and the kingdom servants of the Church, even if the pope did not immediately recognise his allegiance. It was also in that year that the Treaty of Zamora established peace between the Portuguese and León and Castile with Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognizing Afonso as a king. However, as the Church did not recognize Portugal in the dignity of a kingdom with the right to conquer territories from the Moors until 1179 when Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King of Portugal, some argue that that event marks the beginning of the first royal dynasty of Portugal.

The House of Burgundy ruled during a complex period in the History of Portugal when the monarchy was established and Moorish lands to the south were conquered; this period ended in 1249. In this period were set up necessary structures, such as international diplomacy, agriculture, population, commerce, education and culture, all that existed in the Portuguese territory a long time ago, particularly during the regency of Count Henrique of Burgundy. Count Henrique of Burgundy travelled to Rome and Jerusalem, France and other Hispanic kingdoms, and was the nephew of the most powerful diplomat of his time, Saint Bernard, leading Henrique to bring the cosmopolitan Order of the Temple to his fief when it was just created.

The end of the House of Burgundy arrived in October of 1383 with the death of Ferdinand I. The heiress to the throne was Infanta Beatrice, sole daughter of Ferdinand and wife of John I of Castile. But the pretensions of her husband to rule Portugal impeached Beatrice of ascendind to the throne. Although frequently referred in the Web as a monarch and acclaimed queen of Portugal, in 1383, after her father's death, these affirmations are false. Her acclamation in all the country was delayed till the middle of December, she was never acclaimed in the principal cities, nor by the people, and only some hundreds of nobles recognized her or her husband, John I of Castile, as their monarch (so, from the castilian side, there were two candidates to the Portuguese throne, and two parties supporting them among the Portuguese nobles that fought, with the castilians, against their own people). The very real possibility of loss of independence to Castile due to her marriage triggered a civil war followed by another war against Castile, an Interregnum period known as the 1383-1385 Crisis.

#	Name		Started	Ended	Alternative names	Epithet(s)	Relationship with predecessor(s) ~~
1	Afonso I		25 July 1139	6 November 1185	Alphonzo I (English), Alphonse I (English), Afonso Henriques (Portuguese alternative), Affonso I (Old Portuguese),	the Conqueror (o Conquistador) The Founder (o Fundador) the Great (o Grande)	son of Henry, Count of Portugal
2	Sancho I		6 November 1185	27 March 1211	Sanctius I (English)	the Populator (o Povoador)	son of Afonso I
3	Afonso II		27 March 1211	25 March 1223	Alphonzo II (English), Alphonse II (English), Affonso II (Old Portuguese),	the Fat (o Gordo)	son of Sancho I
4	Sancho II		25 March 1223	3 January 1248	Sanctius II (English)	the Pious (o Capelo) the Piteous (o Piedoso)	son of Afonso II
5	Afonso III		3 January 1248	16 February 1279	Alphonzo III (English), Alphonse III (English), Affonso III (Old Portuguese),	the Bolognian (o Bolonhês)	brother of Sancho II younger son of Afonso II
6	Dinis		16 February 1279	7 January 1325	Denis (English) or Diniz (Old Portuguese)	the Farmer (o Lavrador) the Poet-King (o Rei-Poeta) the Troubadour-King (o Rei-Trovador)	son of Afonso III
7	Afonso IV		7 January 1325	28 May 1357	Alphonzo IV (English), Alphonse IV (English), Affonso IV (Old Portuguese), (Old Portuguese)	the Brave (o Bravo)	son of Dinis
8	Pedro I		28 May 1357	18 January 1367	Peter I (English)	the Just (o Justiceiro) or the Cruel (o Cruel) the Vengeful (o Vingativo) or the Until-the-End-of-the-World-In-Love (o Até-ao-Fim-do-Mundo-Apaixonado)	son of Afonso IV
9	Fernando I		18 January 1367	22 October 1383	Ferdinand I (English)	the Handsome (o Formoso) the Beautiful (o Belo) the Fickle (o Inconstante) the Reckless (o Inconsciente)	son of Pedro I

House of Aviz, or Joannine Dynasty, (1385–ca. 1580)

Main articles: Portugal in the period of discoveries, Struggle for the throne of Portugal.

The second dynasty of Portuguese Royalty is known as the House of Aviz, after John, Master of the military Order of Aviz, who later became John I of Portugal.

The institution of House of Aviz followed the dynastic crisis that originated from the death of Ferdinand I in 1383. With the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, John I, half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Pedro I, confirmed the kingship which had been bestowed upon him at the Cortes of Coimbra in April 1385.

This period of Portuguese history is considered to include the ascent of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The first act of expansion was the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 and was followed by the exploration, colonization and commerce exercised in Africa, Asia and Brazil. It also includes the height of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline during John III's reign.

John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson Sebastian, who died, aged 24 and childless, in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir. He was succeeded by his great-uncle Henry, aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, had no children either. Cardinal-King Henry died two years later and the struggle for the throne started between the different claimants, including Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, Philip II of Spain and Anthony, Prior of Crato.

Anthony was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, 20 days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of Anthony in the Battle of Alcântara. Although Anthony continued to "rule the country" from the Azores Islands until 1583, the date of 1580 is generally accepted as the end of the House of Aviz as a Portuguese Royal House. The last king of the House of Aviz is subject to debate, with only a minority of historians (also in Portugal) accepting the period of 20 days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as the reign of Anthony I of Portugal.

#	Name		Started	Ended	Alternative names	Epithet(s)	Relationship with predecessor	Notes
10	João I		6 April 1385	14 August 1433	John I (English)	the Master of Avis (o Mestre de Avis), the One of Good Memory (o de Boa Memória), the Good (o Bom) or the Great (o Grande)	Half-brother of Fernando I Illegitimate son of Pedro I
11	Duarte		14 August 1433	9 September 1438	Edward (English)	the Eloquent (o Eloquente) or the Philosopher-King (o Rei-Filósofo)	son of João I
12	Afonso V		9 September 1438	11 November 1477	Alphonzo V (English), Alphonse V (English), Affonso V (Old Portuguese)	the African (o Africano)	son of Duarte	Abdicated in favor of his son, who has assumed the duties of a regent of the kingdom.
13	João II		11 November 1477	15 November 1477	John II (English)	the Perfect Prince (o Príncipe Perfeito) or the Tyrant (o Tirano)	son of Afonso V	Acclaimed King by the Cortes of Santarém, only to abdicate and return the throne to his father.
12	Afonso V		15 November 1477	28 August 1481	Alphonzo V (English), Alphonse V (English), Affonso V (Old Portuguese)	the African (o Africano)	son of Duarte	Resumed reign until death.
13	João II		28 August 1481	25 October 1495	John II (English)	the Perfect Prince (o Príncipe Perfeito) or the Tyrant (o Tirano)	son of Afonso V

House of Aviz-Beja

#	Name		Started	Ended	Alternative names	Epithet(s)	Relationship with predecessor(s)
14	Manuel I		25 October 1495	13 December 1521	Emmanuel I (English), Manoel I (Old Portuguese)	the Fortunate (o Venturoso, o Bem-Aventurado or o Afortunado)	first cousin and brother-in-law of João II grandson of Duarte
15	João III		13 December 1521	11 June 1557	John III (English)	the Pious (o Piedoso or o Pio)	son of Manuel I
16	Sebastião		11 June 1557	4 August 1578	Sebastian (English)	the Desired (o Desejado)	grandson of João III
17	Henrique		27 August 1578	31 January 1580	Henry (English)	the Chaste (o Casto) or the Cardinal-King (o Cardeal-Rei)	granduncle of Sebastian younger son of Manuel I
(18?)	António (disputed)		24 July 1580	25 August 1580 (in continental Portugal) 27 July 1583 (in the Azores)	Anthony (English)	the Prior of Crato (o Prior do Crato) the Determined (o Determinado) the Fighter (o Lutador) the Independentist (o Independentista)	nephew of João III and Henrique grandson of Manuel I

Portuguese House of Habsburg, or Philippine Dynasty (1580–1640)

The Portuguese House of Habsburg is known in Portugal as the Philippine Dynasty after the three Spanish kings named Philip who ruled from 1580 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by the Cortes of Tomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under the system known as a Personal Union; these promises were to be progressively forgotten by his successors.

Under Philip II, the Portuguese Empire began to fall apart because of the pressure from the enemies of Spain. Philip II and Philip III of Portugal did not rule by themselves, and had powerful Castilian validos (Castilian name for favourite prime-ministers).

Even if Portugal was ruled apart from the other realms of the Habsburgs in Madrid, by the Council of Portugal, exclusively by Portuguese nobles or by royal family ones, and kept his empire to himself, his own currency, his arms and flag, his taxes at the Castilian borderline, sometimes his own ambassadors, the Portuguese nobles remaining in Portugal feel they lost political and economic strength, differently from those Portuguese nobles staying at the court in Madrid, very rich and powerful. Especially after Castilian military support to Portuguese empire against Dutch occupation in northern Brazil showed to be a failure.

And when the Castilian valido Olivares, following Richelieu model in France, established a plan to unify the administration, military service, and taxes of all distinct monarchies of Philip III in Europe, not respectful of the Dual Monarchy between Lisbon and Madrid, the fact provoked a rising by the nobility in 1640, known after the 19th century by romantic historians as the Restoration of Independence (Portuguese: Restauração da Independência). In the 17th century and afterwards, it was simply known as the Acclamation War, as it simply restored in their stolen royal rights the House of Braganza, deposing a tyrant king, and acclaiming (or electing) another more suitable to the country, as it has been done already several times before in Portuguese history. The bloodless revolution began joyfully in Lisbon the 1st December 1640, and was soon supported throughout the country and its colonies, bringing Portugal to the Thirty Years War scene till peace was finally settled, after twenty eight years of War with Castile in Europe, and with Holland in Asia, America and Africa, in 1668.

#	Name		Started	Ended	Alternative names	Epithet(s)	Relationship with predecessor(s)
18	Filipe I		25 March 1581	13 September 1598	Philip I (English) Felipe II (in Spain)	the Prudent (o Prudente)	grandson of Manuel I grandson of Manuel I
19	Filipe II		13 September 1598	31 March 1621	Philip II (English) Felipe III (in Spain)	the Cruel (o Cruel) (in Portugal) the Pious (el Pio) (in Spain)	son of Filipe I
20	Filipe III		31 March 1621	15 December 1640	Philip III (English) Felipe IV (in Spain)	the Oppressor (o Opressor) (in Portugal) the Great (el Grande) (in Spain)	son of Filipe II

House of Braganza, or Brigantine Dynasty (1640–1910)

Main articles: Portugal from the Restoration to the 1755 Earthquake, Portugal from the Napoleonic Invasions to the Civil War

The House of Braganza (Portuguese: Casa de Bragança) traced its origins to 1442 when the Duchy of Braganza was created by the Regent, Infante Dom Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, and offered to his half-brother Afonso, Count of Barcelos, a natural son of John I. The royal lineage of dukes that followed married into the House of Aviz and became one of the most important noble families of the country. Infanta Catarina, granddaughter of Manuel I and Duchess of Braganza by marriage to John, 6th Duke of Braganza (himself the heir of the dynastic rights of Jaime, Duke of Braganza, acclaimed heir to the throne in 1495 by the Cortes), joined the two houses in 1565. In 1580, she was one of the claimants to the throne, but lost it by military force to Philip I of Habsburg.

In 1640, with the Restoration of Independence, John, grandson of Catarina and 8th Duke of Braganza, was acknowledged as the legitimate heir to the throne as the great great grandson of Manuel I. The Spanish finally recognized Portuguese independence in 1668. The fourth dynasty saw the growth of the importance of Brazilian gold, the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the Napoleonic invasion, the independence of Brazil and a civil war followed by Liberalism.

The growth of a republican movement during the end of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th culminated in the 1908 assassination of the second last King of Portugal, Carlos I. Two years later in 1910 the republican revolution forced Manuel II into exile, thus putting an end to the Portuguese fourth dynasty. The House of Braganza continues unofficially until today, and the title of Duke of Braganza is still used by Duarte Pio, the 24th Duke of Bragança and the presumptive heir to the throne of Portugal. Curiously, the disputes between king Miguel's branch and king Peter's (IV) branch haven´t finished yet, with some of the second branch contesting that Miguel was a Portuguese king.

House of Braganza

#	Name		Started	Ended	Alternative names	Epithet(s)	Relationship with predecessor(s)
21	João IV		15 December 1640	6 November 1656	John IV (English)	the Restoring King (o Restaurador) the Fortunate (o Afortunado)	great-great-grandson of Manuel I
22	Afonso VI		6 November 1656	12 September 1683	Afonso VI (Portuguese), Alphonse VI (English), Affonso VI (Old Portuguese)	the Victorious (o Vitorioso)	son of João IV
23	Pedro II		12 September 1683	9 December 1706	Peter II (English)	the Pacific (o Pacífico)	brother of Afonso VI younger son of João IV
24	João V		9 December 1706	31 July 1750	John V (English)	the Magnanimous (o Magnânimo) the Magnific (o Magnífico) the Portuguese Sun-King (o Rei-Sol Português)	son of Peter II
25	José I		31 July 1750	24 February 1777	Joseph I (English)	the Reformer (o Reformador)	son of John V
26	Maria I		24 February 1777	20 March 1816	Mary I (English)	the Pious (a Piedosa or a Pia) the Mad (a Louca) (in Brazil)	daughter of José I
	Pedro III		24 February 1777	25 May 1786	Peter III (English)		son of João V husband of Maria I
27	João VI		20 March 1816	10 March 1826	John VI (English)	the Clement (o Clemente)	son of Pedro III and Maria I
28	Pedro IV		10 March 1826	5 May 1826	Peter IV (English) or Pedro I (in Brazil)	the Soldier-King (o Rei-Soldado) the Emperor-King (o Rei-Imperador) the Liberator (o Libertador)	son of João VI
29	Maria II		5 May 1826	30 June 1828	Mary II (English)	the Educator (a Educadora) the Good-Mother (a Boa-Mãe)	daughter of Peter IV
30	Miguel		30 June 1828	26 May 1834	Michael (English)	the Traditionalist (o Tradicionalista), the Usurper (o Usurpador) or the Absolutist (o Absolutista) the Absolut-King (o Rei Absoluto)	brother of Pedro IV younger son of João VI
-	Maria II		26 May 1834	15 November 1853	Mary II (English)	the Educator (a Educadora)	daughter of Pedro IV
	Fernando II		16 September 1837	15 November 1853	Ferdinand II (English)		husband of Maria II

House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

With the marriage of Mary II, Queen of Portugal, to Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha during the 4th Dynasty, the House of Braganza continued in Portugal, as in this country is familiar with family names being passed by female lines. The surname Braganza continued to be present in all royals, and the Royal House was still known in Portugal as The House of Braganza. However, some foreign historians consider the existence of a House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

#	Name		Started	Ended	Alternative names	Epithet(s)	Relationship with predecessor(s)
31	Pedro V		15 November 1853	11 November 1861	Peter V (English)	the Hopeful (o Esperançoso) the Loved One (o Bem-Amado) the Much Loved (o Muito Amado)	son of Fernando II and Maria II
32	Luís I		11 November 1861	19 October 1889	Louis (English), Luiz (Old Portuguese)	the Popular (o Popular) the Good (o Bom)	brother of Pedro V son of Fernando II and Maria II
33	Carlos I		19 October 1889	1 February 1908	Charles (English)	the Martyred (o Martirizado) or the Diplomat (o Diplomata) the Martyr (o Mártir) the Oceanographer (o Oceanógrafo)	son of Luís I
34	Manuel II		1 February 1908	5 October 1910	Emmanuel II (English), Manoel II (Old Portuguese)	the Patriot (o Patriota) the Unfortunate (o Desventurado) the Scholar (o Estudioso) or the Missed King (o Rei-Saudade)	son of Carlos I

The chronology of the heads of state of Portugal continues on List of Presidents of Portugal.

Style

During the history of Portuguese monarchy, the Portuguese kings used the following styles:

The style of address to the sovereign is as follows:

Notes

See also

• List of Portuguese monarchs by longevity
• List of Portuguese monarchs by age at accession to the throne
• Kings of Portugal family tree
• List of Portuguese royal consorts
• History of Portugal
• Timeline of Portuguese history
• Lists of incumbents
• Burial sites of Portuguese monarchs
• Category:Pretenders to the Portuguese throne

Sources

• Sousa, D. António Caetano de (1946) [1735-49] (in Portuguese). História Genealógica da Casa Real Portuguesa. Coimbra: Atlântida-Livraria Eds.. OCLC 20210378. 
• Jiří Louda & Michael Maclagan (1981), "Portugal", in Lines of Succession. Heraldry of the Royal families of Europe, London, Orbis Publishing, pp. 228–237. ISBN 0-85613-672-7. (revised and updated edition by Prentice Hall College Div - November 1991. ISBN 0028972554.)
• Luís Amaral & Marcos Soromenho Santos (2002), Costados do Duque de Bragança, Lisboa, Guarda-Mor Edições.
• Afonso Eduardo Martins Zuquete (dir.)(1989), Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil, vol. I, Lisboa, Editorial Enciclopédia.

External links

• Kings of Portugal genealogy in a Portuguese genealogical site